Red phosphorus p have been considered as one of the most promising anode material for both lithiumion batteries libs and nibs, because of its high theoretical capacity. The initial structures of monolayer and few layer phosphorene were obtained from bulk black phosphorus. Mar 30, 2016 few layer black phosphorus bp is the most promising material among the twodimensional materials due to its layered structure and the excellent semiconductor properties. They are fully relaxed according to the force and stress calculated by density functional theory dft within the pbe functional 14.
Pdf isolation and characterization of fewlayer black phosphorus. Moreover, fets based on few layer black phosphorus show promising electrical properties 1518, making them an appealing candidate for tunable photodetection from the visible to the infrared part of the. Weak localization in fewlayer black phosphorus authors. However, few works have been performed for the phonon modes in black phosphorus. A scatteringmatrix calculation method is applied to compute the overall polarization extinction ratio along two orthogonal directions. Remarkable anisotropic phonon response in uniaxially strained. Yasaei p, behranginia a, foroozan t, asadi m, kim k, khaliliaraghi f. Production of fewlayer phosphorene by liquid exfoliation. Two layer phosphorene has a sequence of ab stacking as bulk black phosphorus. Since 2014, monolayer or few layer black phosphorus bp has drawn great attention as a new 2d material for application in nanoelectronic devices. Black phosphorus is a fascinating layered material, with extraordinary anisotropic mechanical, optical and electronic properties. Fewlayer black phosphorus flbp was prepared by liquid phase exfoliation lpe and composites with different weight ratio of flbp reveal high electromagnetic absorption ea performance in multifrequency bands. Fewlayer black phosphorus, a new elemental twodimensional 2d material recently isolated by mechanical exfoliation, is a highmobility layered semiconductor with a direct bandgap that is predicted to strongly depend on the number of layers, from 0. Extraordinary photoluminescence and strong temperatureangledependent raman responses in fewlayer phosphorene.
Few layer black phosphorus bp is the most promising material among the twodimensional materials due to its layered structure and the excellent semiconductor properties. Application of black phosphorus nanodots to live cell imaging. Electronic structure and properties of a fewlayer black phosphorus sasha rudenko shengjun yuan rafa roldan milton pereira sergey brener mikhail katsnelson main collaborators. Black phosphorus rediscovered wiley online library. Nov 17, 2015 black phosphorus bp is a good candidate for studying strain effects on twodimensional 2d materials beyond graphene and transitionmetal dichalcogenides. We report the liquid exfoliation of black phosphorus in nmethyl2pyrrolidone to form fewlayer phosphorene nanosheets graphene is the archetypal twodimensional material. The surface roughness of bp with covered al2o3 film can reduce significantly, which is due to the removal of oxidized bubble in bp surface by oxygen plasma. Besides its high electronic mobility and anisotropic properties, the phosphorene is a semiconductor with a tunable direct band gap, which holds great potentials in many. Enhanced ambient stability of exfoliated black phosphorus by. We study computationally the design of a high extinction ratio nano polarizer based on black phosphorus bp. Superior mechanical flexibility of phosphorene and fewlayer.
Isolation and characterization of mechanically exfoliated black phosphorus flakes with a thickness down to two singlelayers is presented. Nanoscopy of black phosphorus degradation sampath gamage, zhen li, vladislav s. The irradiated region develops a photoluminescence peak at 2. Black phosphorus bp is similar to other twodimensional 2d nanomaterials, has attracted extensive attention due to its unique physical, chemical, and biological properties. Bp is the most stable one among the three allotropes of phosphorus. Few layer black phosphorus bp with tunable band gap and excellent electronic properties is an emerging two dimensional semiconductor that has been demonstrated to be useful in many applications. Mechanical properties of singlelayer black phosphorus. Black phosphorus bp, a metalfree layered semiconductor that possesses predominant physicochemical characteristics,, has been extensively applied in the biomedical field, such as biosensors, therapeutics, diagnostics, bioactive scaffolds and medical imaging. Therefore, the chemically modified phosphorus emits at much higher energy than that observed in bilayer black phosphorus. Large edge magnetism in oxidized fewlayer black phosphorus.
Jul 20, 2014 in its few layer form, the bandgap is predicted to strongly depend on the number of layers, from 0. Black phosphorus bp is a good candidate for studying strain effects on twodimensional 2d materials beyond graphene and transitionmetal dichalcogenides. Highly efficient and continuous production of fewlayer black. Phosphorus, a highly reactive element commonly found in match heads, tracer bullets, and fertilizers, can be turned into a stable crystalline form known as black phosphorus. Pdf isolation and characterization of mechanically exfoliated black phosphorus flakes with. Deriving phosphorus atomic chain from fewlayer black.
Black phosphorus layered structure with orthorhombic symmetry j. In this study, we report a topdown route for the preparation of phosphorus atomic chains via electron beam sculpturing inside a transmission electron microscope tem. Triangular black phosphorus atomic layers by liquid exfoliation. However, although bp nanodots have many advantages, their biosafety and biological effect have not yet been elucidated as. Superior mechanical flexibility of phosphorene and few. Bare bp can slowly react with oxygen to form nontoxic phosphate and phosphonate, which are. Black phosphorus nanoelectromechanical resonators vibrating at very high frequencies zenghui wang,a hao jia,a xuqian zheng,a rui yang,a zefang wang,b g. Optimization of fewlayer black phosphorus for lowtemperature magnetotransport studies. The dynamic light scattering dls was performed using zetasizer nano zs malvern, england. We employ twodimensional 2d black p drumhead resonators operating in the. In its bulk form, black phosphorus shows high carrier mobility. Production of fewlayer phosphorene by liquid exfoliation of. Herein, black phosphorus quantum dots and nanoparticles of a few layer thickness were prepared and characterized using stem, afm, dynamic light scattering, xray photoelectron spectroscopy, xray diffraction, raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence. We study the photoresponse of fieldeffect transistors fets made of fewlayer black phosphorus 38 nm thick, as a function of excitation wavelength, power, and frequency.
Isolation and characterization of fewlayer black phosphorus. Application of black phosphorus nanodots to live cell. Thanks to the unique inplane optical anisotropy of black p crystals, optical absorption varies depending on the polarization of incident light, which translates into the difference in shifts of resonance frequency. Renormalization of the bandgap, electronic structure, and optical spectra of fewlayer black phosphorus. Black phosphorus attracts enormous attention as a promising layered material for electronic, optoelectronic and thermoelectric applications. Jul 05, 2017 environmental screening effects in 2d materials. Nevertheless, a complete characterization of fewlayer black phosphorus flakes is still lacking. Phosphorene, a elemental 2d material, which is the monolayer of black phosphorus, has been mechanically exfoliated recently. Strainengineering the anisotropic electrical conductance of fewlayer black phosphorus. The layer breathing mode and standing wave mode of the interlayer vibrations are found to coexist in such a kind of group10 transition metal dichalcogenides tmdcs. Pdf single or fewlayer black phosphorus flbp has attracted great attentions in scientific community. Herein, black phosphorus quantum dots and nanoparticles of a few layer thickness were prepared and characterized using stem, afm, dynamic light scattering, xray photoelectron spectroscopy, xray. Moreover, fets based on fewlayer blackphosphorus show promising electrical properties 1518, making them an appealing candidate for tunable photodetection from the visible to the infrared part of the.
Anisotropic inplane thermal conductivity observed in few. Its structural instability and toxicity have been keeping physicists and chemists from applying outstanding electronic, optical properties of the black phosphorus in various fields 2,3. Here we introduce an acousticmicrofluidic am process for exfoliation of bp powder to produce few layer bp flakes and bp quantum dots bpqds in a. Nowadays, with the development of its exfoliation method, there are extensive applications of black phosphorus in transistors, batteries and optoelectronics. Gomez a 2014 fast and broadband photoresponse of fewlayer black phosphorus fieldeffect transistors nano lett 14 334752 10.
Black phosphorus is the most stable allotrope of phosphorus, which also occurs in the form of white, red and violet phosphorus. Phosphorus is well known for a commonly used material in explosives and matches. Apr 18, 2017 black phosphorus is a fascinating layered material, with extraordinary anisotropic mechanical, optical and electronic properties. Black phosphorus has been revisited recently as a new twodimensional material showing potential applications in electronics and optoelectronics.
Fewlayer black phosphorus attracted great interest in the scientific community since its demonstration in 2014, 14 because of the direct band gap, tunable by layer number from 0. Black phosphorus is new wonder material for improving. Onepot solventless preparation of pegylated black phosphorus. Few layer black phosphorus flbp is another emerging 2d layered material with that shows an ndependent band gap 11, 12. Here we report large anisotropy in inplane thermal conductivity of singlecrystal black phosphorus nanoribbons along the zigzag and armchair lattice directions at variable temperatures. In its bulk form, black phosphorus is a directgap semiconductor with a 0. Fewlayer black phosphorus nanoparticles request pdf. Interlayer breathing and shear modes in fewlayer black. Black phosphorus bp nanostructures such as nanosheets and nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their unique properties and great potential in various physical, chemical, and biological fields.
The groundstate wave functions and eigenvalues are calculated by dftpbe with a kpoint grid of 14x10x1 for. The phonon dispersion for bulk black phosphorus was measured 14 in 1980s. The atomistic ballstick models of fewlayer black phosphorus are presented in fig. Onepot solventless preparation of pegylated black phosphorus nanoparticles for photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy of cancer caixia sun a, b, ling wen b, jianfeng zeng b, yong wang b, qiao sun b, lijuan deng a, chongjun zhao a, zhen li b, a key laboratory for ultra. Mar 02, 2015 phosphorus, a highly reactive element commonly found in match heads, tracer bullets, and fertilizers, can be turned into a stable crystalline form known as black phosphorus. One feature of this material that sets it apart from other atomically thin crystals is its structural inplane anisotropy which manifests in strongly anisotropic transport characteristics. Protective molecular passivation of black phosphorus npj 2d. Few layer black phosphorus attracted great interest in the scientific community since its demonstration in 2014, 14 because of the direct band gap, tunable by layer number from 0. We here investigate the dependence of lattice vibrational frequencies on. Fewlayer black phosphorus was recently rediscovered as a narrowbandgap atomically thin semiconductor, attracting unprecedented attention due to its interesting properties. Production of fewlayer phosphorene by liquid exfoliation of black phosphorus jack r. However, natural insulating property and the large volume expansion of red p during cycling lead to poor cyclability and low rate performance, which prevents its practical application. By using an optical imaging method combined with image analysis software, a high. Insights into the intracellular behaviors of black.
The initial structures of monolayer and fewlayer phosphorene were obtained from bulk black phosphorus. A novel nanoplatform with potential in the field of biophotonic nanomedicine. The layerbreathing mode and standing wave mode of the interlayer vibrations are found to coexist in such a kind of group10 transition metal dichalcogenides tmdcs. In its fewlayer form, the bandgap is predicted to strongly depend on the number of layers, from 0.
Few layer black phosphorus was recently rediscovered as a narrowbandgap atomically thin semiconductor, attracting unprecedented attention due to its interesting properties. Emerging opportunities for black phosphorus in energy applications. Phosphorus is among the abundant elements on earth, making up. The renaissance of black phosphorus in 1914 first successful synthesis bridgman and in 2007 synthesis at room pressure lange, nilges. Deriving phosphorus atomic chain from fewlayer black phosphorus. Triangular black phosphorus atomic layers by liquid. A modification of the mechanical exfoliation method, which provides higher yield of atomically thin flakes than conventional mechanical exfoliation, has been developed.
The atomistic ballstick models of few layer black phosphorus are presented in fig. Electronic structure and properties of a fewlayer black. Phosphorus atomic chains, the narrowest nanostructures of black phosphorus bp, are highly relevant to the indepth development of bpbased onedimensional 1d nano electronics components. Fewlayer black phosphorus flbp is another emerging 2d layered material with that shows an ndependent band gap 11, 12. In the dark state, the black phosphorus fets can be tuned both in hole and electron doping regimes allowing for ambipolar operation. However, recently, almost a century after its first discovery, black phosphorus is rediscovered as a promising twodimensional. Stable and selective humidity sensing using stacked black phosphorus flakes. Therefore, black phosphorus is an appealing candidate for tunable photodetection from the visible to the. Remarkable anisotropic phonon response in uniaxially.
This work reports the realtime observation of the interlayer lattice vibrations in bilayer and few layer ptse2 by means of the coherent phonon method. Tunableband gapand anisotropic optical responsein fewlayer. This work reports the realtime observation of the interlayer lattice vibrations in bilayer and fewlayer ptse2 by means of the coherent phonon method. Herein, black phosphorus quantum dots and nanoparticles of a few layer thickness were prepared and characterized using stem, afm, dynamic light scattering.
Unlike other allotropes, black phosphorus is characterized by a layered structure. A century after its first synthesis in 1914, black phosphorus has been attracting significant attention as a promising twodimensional material in recent years due to its unique properties. Tunableband gapand anisotropic optical responsein few. In this article, watersoluble and biocompatible pegylated bp nanoparticles with a high yield were prepared by onepot solventless high energy. Impact electrochemistry of the induvidual black phosphorus. Lowest ss of 64 mvdec, highest gmax of 1057 sm in ge nfets and highest maximum voltage gain of 54 vv in ge cmos inverters.
Here we report the anisotropic inplane thermal conductivity of suspended fewlayer black phosphorus measured by microraman spectroscopy. This is because of its particular ability to sustain high strain and remarkably anisotropic mechanical properties resulting from its unique puckered structure. The interlayer breathing force constant standing for perpendicular coupling. Single or few layer black phosphorus flbp has attracted great attentions in scientific community with its excellent properties, including biodegradability, unique puckered lattice configuration, attractive electrical properties and direct and tunable band gap. Qiao j, kong x, hu z x, yang f, and ji w 2014 highmobility transport anisotropy and linear dichroism in fewlayer black phosphorus nature communications 5. Black phosphorus crystal black phosphorus powder carbon nano. The armchair and zigzag thermal conductivities are. Deriving phosphorus atomic chains from fewlayer black. We report the liquid exfoliation of black phosphorus in nmethyl2pyrrolidone to form few layer phosphorene nanosheets graphene is the archetypal twodimensional material. Fewlayer black phosphorus bp is the most promising material among the twodimensional materials due to its layered structure and the excellent semiconductor properties.
Functionalization of small black phosphorus nanoparticles. Highly efficient and continuous production of fewlayer. Wellbehaved ptype fieldeffect transistors with mobilities of up to cm2vs, as well as phototransistors, have been demonstrated on fewlayer. However, the sensitivity of black phosphorus to oxygen and. Exfoliation of fewlayer black phosphorus in lowboiling. In this work, we have directly grown al2o3 on bp using plasmaenhanced atomic layer deposition peald. Here we report the anisotropic inplane thermal conductivity of suspended few layer black phosphorus measured by microraman spectroscopy. Unlike graphene, fewlayer black phosphorus has an intrinsic bandgap, so that fieldeffect transistors with large current onoff ratios and high mobilities 1003000 cm 2 vs. Growing highquality and uniform dielectric on black phosphorus is challenging since it is easy to react with o2 or h2o in ambient. Biocompatibility and nanotoxicity of layered twodimensional nanomaterials. Direct growth of al 2 o 3 on black phosphorus by plasma. Phosphorene, a monolayer of black phosphorus bp, has recently emerged as a successor to other twodimensional 2d nanomaterials such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides tmdcs. Nano res 1 large edge magnetism in oxidized fewlayer black phosphorus nanomesh yudai nakanishi1, ayumi ishi2, chika ohata1, david soriano3, ryo iwaki1, kyoko nomura1, miki hasegawa2, taketomo nakamura5, shingo katsumoto5, stephan roche3,4, and junji haruyama1 nano res. Protective molecular passivation of black phosphorus npj.
Facile synthesis of highly dispersed co3o4 nanoparticles. Lewisab and paul obrienab wereportthe liquidexfoliation ofblackphosphorusin nmethyl2pyrrolidone to form fewlayer phosphorene nanosheets. Black phosphorus bp has emerged as a novel class of nanomaterials owing to its unique optical and electronic properties. Pdf isolation and characterization of fewlayer black. Amorphous red phosphorus embedded in highly ordered.
Currently, thin bp atomic layers are obtained mostly by mechanical exfoliation of bulk bp, which limits applications in thinfilm based electronics due to a scaling process. However, although bp nanodots have many advantages, their biosafety and biological effect have not yet been elucidated as compared to. Twolayer phosphorene has a sequence of ab stacking as bulk black phosphorus. A simple approach is developed to identify the layer number of 2d mos 2 sheets. Qiao j, kong x, hu z x, yang f, and ji w 2014 highmobility transport anisotropy and linear dichroism in fewlayer black phosphorus nature communications 5 4475 11. In contrary to graphene and tmdcs, bp shows a direct bandgap whether it is in monolayer, fl and bulk forms, which greatly facilitates its application in electronic and optoelectronic devices. Fenga we report on the experimental demonstration of a new type of nanoelectromechanical resonator based on black phosphorus crystals.
Recent advances in graphene and black phosphorus nonlinear. Moreover, when exfoliated into singlelayer phosphorene or into fewlayer bp. We report on the demonstration of polarization sensitive black phosphorus p nanomechanical resonators. Fewlayer black phosphorus nanoparticles zdenek sofera, daniel bousaa, jan luxaa, vlastimil mazaneka. Recent studies have shed light on the underlying mechanism and speed of degradation by atomic force microscopy afm and spectroscopic techniques. Fast and broadband photoresponse of fewlayer black. The value of the intensity difference in the grayscale image of the r channel between mos 2 sheets layers and. Fewlayer black phosphorus nanoparticles zdenek sofer a, daniel bousaa, jan luxaa, vlastimil mazaneka, and martin pumerab synthesis materials red phosphorus 99. The family of 2d materials has recently been augmented by 2d black phosphorus bp, mono.
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